INTRODUCTION

The use of high viscosity blended residual fuel, coupled with the general decline in their quality, has created an array of problems for heavy industries, and not to mention the increase in price for the fuel oil.

Knowing the chemical and physical properties of each bunkering prior to its use, helps to minimize way of these problems which may cause costly repairs and disputes among user, bunker supplies equipment and engine manufacturers.

Fuel oil is a petroleum derivative and belongs to the heavier end of the distilled products and graded in order of increasing viscosity 2, 3, 4, 5 etc. High viscosity substances, where particles are subjected to great forces similar to friction, find it hard to diffuse while burning, resulting in greater quantities of unburnt gases and solids.

Poor burning or combustion causes a fall in fuel efficiency and adds to the polluting effects. Boiler furnaces contribute the maximum content of atmospheric pollution, especially sulphur and nitrogen oxides, which dissolve during storms to form acid rain.

Heavy fuel not only pollutes the environment, it causes deposits and build up and equipment to wear out prematurely. Water, sulfur, vanadium sodium, bacteria in heavy fuel are the main causes of corrosion, sludge and stratification of fuel.

Water content in heavy fuel may results in a loss of fuel volume received and a loss of energy content, and water may impede combustion. Water when combined with heavy fuel will form stable emulsion, which are often very difficult to break. When these emulsions come to the burner, one has to take into account considerable obstruction, also emulsions increase the formation of sludge, stratification and precipitation of fuel in the fuel tank, resulting in clogged injectors, incomplete combustion, fuel wastage and pollutes the environment.

Sulphur content will determine the level of SO_x emissions from combustion. High level of sulphur may lead to low temperature corrosion, gummy deposit sludge and depletion of the lube oil TBN.

Vanadium when combined with sodium, contamination from seawater or salt air, may lead to high temperature corrosive deposits, forming “sticky” compounds with low melting points, resulting in the formation of corrosive vanadium slag deposits on exhaust valves, boiler screen and superheated tubes, results valve guttering. Vanadium compounds also accelerate the formation of corrosive sulphur compounds.

Bacteria will make stratification of fuel sludge and gelling of fuel.

Through extensive research, Magna has developed Magna 702 Fuel Oil Treatment to combat the above said problems.

FEATURES OF MAGNA 702 Fuel Oil Treatment

Heavy fuels are generally blends of high molecular weight and long chain hydro-carbon. The heavier constituents are the cause of incomplete combustion, excessive smoking, and increased fuel consumption.

Magna 702 is developed to break up the long chain of hydro-carbon into smaller particles. So small, in fact, that most of the fuel burns easier and more completely. This result in less carbon deposits, less corrosion, reduces smoking and a smoother running engine.

Magna 702 is a red free flowing liquid, specially developed to combat bacteria, vanadium sodium, water, sludge and carbon deposit and conversion in fuel system.

Magna 702 has the ability to transform the undesirable constituent mentioned above into the desirable constituent:

• Sulfolane (Tetramethylene Sulfone)

  As mentioned before, the present of sulphur can cause corrosion,   gummy deposit and sludge. However, Magna 702 Fuel Oil Treatment has   the ability to transformed it into desirable constituent which is referred to   sulfolane (tetramethylene sulfone), which has the capability to act as a   Corrosion Inhibitor as well as Sludge Dispersant.

• Hydrogen Fuel

  Magna's proprietary fuel additive has good affinity for water. Magna 702   Fuel Oil Treatment couples water and heavy fuel to form a homogeneous   solution. It helps to keep fuel oil and water together in an inseparable   homogeneous solution.

  When this mixture is burnt, the water particles in the said mixture turn into   Superheated Steam and spray the oil particles farther from one another.

  Temperatures in a boiler furnace can reach beyond 400° - 600° C. Under   these conditions, water breaks up into its constituent elements, hydrogen   and oxygen.

  Hydrogen is an excellent fuel itself and adds to the burning efficiency.   Oxygen helps in the combustion and the end results are less carbon   emission, enhancing fuel efficiency, less carbon deposits, cleaner   environment, extends maintenance interval, etc.

• Magna 702 Fuel Oil Treatment contains Magna Bit Bactericide 1,2 –   benzisothiazolin-3 which is an excellent element to combat bacteria.

• Magna 702 Fuel Oil treatment contains slag inhibitors in order to combat   Vanadium Sodium, where it minimizes the formation of slag on the metal   fire side surfaces in two ways. The ash from the additive combines with   the vanadium and non combustible ash from the fuel oil under controlled   feed conditions resulting in a complex ash having a melting temperature   above the normal temperatures maintained in the furnaces area. Thus,   the combined ash passes through the furnace area in a stage which   does not adhere to the furnace surface. Secondly, the additives provide a   light, powdery ash which will form a barrier to resist any type bonding of   slag to the metal surface.